Gender Differences in Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Distress Among Dormitory Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65166/xngg1k50Keywords:
gender differences, nutrition, lifestyle, stress, burnout, dormitory medical students, cross-sectional studyAbstract
Medical education is associated with high levels of psychological distress, including stress and burnout, which are influenced by nutrition, lifestyle, and dormitory living conditions. Gender differences in these factors remain underexplored in integrated models. This study examined the associations between nutritional habits, lifestyle behaviors, and distress (stress and burnout) among dormitory-residing second-year medical students, with explicit attention to gender differences. A cross-sectional survey was administered to a gender-balanced sample of second-year medical students residing in dormitories at De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute. Nutritional factors included BMI, meal regularity, breakfast habits, snacking frequency, and fruit/vegetable intake. Lifestyle behaviors covered sleep quality, screen time, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Distress outcomes were measured using multi-item scales on stress and burnout. Data were analyzed in Jamovi v2.6 using descriptive statistics, Mann–Whitney U tests, Spearman’s correlations, and multiple regression. Ethical approval and informed consent were secured. A total of 66–120 students participated, balanced across genders. Females were more likely to skip meals and report poor sleep quality, while males demonstrated higher BMI, more alcohol consumption, and greater smoking prevalence. Stress scores were higher among females, particularly in academic workload domains, whereas males exhibited higher depersonalization. Correlational analysis showed strong positive associations between excessive screen time and both stress and burnout, while sleep quality correlated negatively with distress. Regression models identified poor sleep and high screen time as the strongest independent predictors of both stress and burnout, even after adjustment for BMI and dietary habits. Gender remained significant, with females showing heightened susceptibility to emotional exhaustion. Distress among medical students is shaped by interrelated nutritional and lifestyle factors, with clear gendered differences. Sleep quality and screen time emerged as the most robust predictors, suggesting leverage points for intervention. Gender-sensitive dormitory wellness programs emphasizing sleep hygiene, digital wellness, and balanced nutrition are recommended to mitigate stress and burnout in medical training.
References
Aafreen, M., Priya.V, V., & Gayathri, R. (2018). Effect of stress on academic performance of students in different streams. Drug Invention Today, 1776-1780.
Abbaspour, S., et al. (2021). Meta-analysis of studies on dormitory life in Iran. Iranian Journal of Educational Sociology, 4(3), 148-158. https://iase-idje.ir/article-1-1038-en.pdf.
Alghamdi, E. S., et al. (2018). Dietary habits of university students living at home or at university dorm: A cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. Global Journal of Health Science, 10(10), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n10p1.
Alhashemi, M., Mayo, W., Alshaghel, M. M., Alsaman, M. Z. B., & Kassem, L. H. (2022). Prevalence of obesity and its association with fast-food consumption and physical activity: A cross-sectional study and review of medical students’ obesity rate. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104007.
Alkazemi, D. (2018). Gender differences in weight status, dietary habits, and health attitudes among college students in Kuwait: A cross-sectional study. Nutrition and Health, 25(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0260106018817410.
Almansoof, A. S., Masuadi, E., Al-Muallem, A., & Agha, S. (2024). Prevalence of psychological distress among health sciences students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Quality & Quantity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-024-01829-6.
Alrashed, F. A., Alsubiheen, A. M., Alshammari, H., Mazi, S. I., Al-Saud, S. A., Alayoubi, S., Kachanathu, S. J., Albarrati, A., Aldaihan, M. M., Ahmad, T., Sattar, K., Khan, S., & Dhiman, G. (2022). Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Pre-Clinical Medical Students: Prevalence and Association with Sleep Disorders. Sustainability, 14(18), 11320. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811320.
Alzahrani, S. H., Saeedi, A. A., Baamer, M. K., Shalabi, A. F., & Alzahrani, A. M. (2020). Eating Habits Among Medical Students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of General Medicine, Volume 13, 77–88. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s246296.
Angeles-Agdeppa, I., & Custodio, M. R. S. (2020). Food sources and nutrient intakes of Filipino working adults. Nutrients, 12(4), 1009. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041009
Asma, M. B., & Gencer, Y. G. (2019). Assessing university students' physical activity levels in terms of different variables. International Journal of Progressive Education, 15(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2019.189.1 69
Azad, M. C., Fraser, K., Rumana, N., Abdullah, A. F., Shahana, N., Hanly, P. J., & Turin, T. C. (2015). Sleep Disturbances among Medical Students: A Global Perspective. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 11(01), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.4370
Baker, F. C., & Driver, H. S. (2019). Circadian rhythms, sleep, and hormonal factors in women. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 14(3), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.04.003
Bede, F., Cumber, S. N., Nkfusai, C. N., Venyuy, M. A., Ijang, Y. P., Wepngong, E. N., & Kien, A. T. N. (2020). Dietary habits and nutritional status of medical school students: the case of three state universities in Cameroon. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/pamj/article/view/210617
Benton, D., & Young, H. A. (2019). Role of fruit juice in achieving the 5-a-day recommendation for fruit and vegetable intake. Nutrition Reviews, 77(11), 829–843. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz031
Bergmann, C., Muth, T., & Loerbroks, A. (2019). Medical students’ perceptions of stress due to academic studies and its interrelationships with other domains of life: a qualitative study. Medical Education Online, 24(1), 1603526. https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2019.1603526
Betancourt-Núñez, A., Díaz, R., Nava-Amante, P. A., Bernal-Orozco, M. F., Díaz-López, A., Palacios, A. G., Márquez-Sandoval, F., Velarde-Camaqui, D., & Vizmanos, B. (2024). Beyond the classroom: the influence of food insecurity, mental health, and sleep quality on university students’ academic performance. Foods, 13(16), 2508. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162508
Bleiweiss-Sande, R., Chui, K., Wright, C., Amin, S., Anzman-Frasca, S., & Sacheck, J. M. (2019). Associations between Food Group Intake, Cognition, and Academic Achievement in Elementary Schoolchildren. Nutrients, 11(11), 2722. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112722
Braim, et al. (2023). Effect of dormitory living on academic performance of students at University of Sulaimani. Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani. ResearchGate. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.33718.47689
Caso, D., Miriam, C., Rosa, F., & Mark, C. (2020). Unhealthy eating and academic stress: The moderating effect of eating style and BMI. Health Psychology Open, 7(2), 205510292097527. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102920975274
Chacón-Cuberos, R., Zurita-Ortega, F., Olmedo-Moreno, E. M., & Castro-Sánchez, M. (2019). Relationship between Academic Stress, Physical Activity and Diet in University Students of Education. Behavioral Sciences, 9(6), 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9060059
Chen, G., & Lyu, C. (2024). The relationship between smartphone addiction and procrastination among students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 224, 112652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112652 70
Chen, J., Zhang, Y., & Zhou, X. (2019). Effects of gender, medical school class year, and majors on sleep quality in Chinese medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep and Breathing, 24(1), 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-019-01905-4
Choi J. (2020). Impact of Stress Levels on Eating Behaviors among College Students. Nutrients, 12(5), 1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051241
Davison, J., Stewart-Knox, B., Connolly, P., Lloyd, K., Dunne, L., & Bunting, B. (2020). Exploring the association between mental wellbeing, health-related quality of life, family affluence and food choice in adolescents. Appetite, 158, 105020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.105020
Deng, J., Zhou, F., Hou, W., Heyman, M. W., Cai, Y., & Li, Z. (2020). Sleep duration and depressive symptoms in adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 16(6), 1011–1019. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8348
De Silva, J. B., Fareed, F., Chang, M., Alagarajah, K., Khobragade, S., Soe, H., Moe, S., & Htay, M. (2022). Correlation Between Eating Habits and Exam Stress Among Medical Students in Malaysia: A Cross-sectional Study. Manipal Alumni Science and Health Journal, 7(2).
Du, C., Adjepong, M., Zan, M. C. H., Cho, M. J., Fenton, J. I., Hsiao, P. Y., Keaver, L., Lee, H., Ludy, M. J., Shen, W., Swee, W. C. S., Thrivikraman, J., Amoah-Agyei, F., de Kanter, E., Wang, W., & Tucker, R. M. (2022). Gender Differences in the Relationships between Perceived Stress, Eating Behaviors, Sleep, Dietary Risk, and Body Mass Index. Nutrients, 14(5), 1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14051045
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2013). The nature–nurture debates: 25 years of challenges in understanding the psychology of gender. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(6), 1046-1059. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613484767
Eldeen, S., Alssadh, H., & Mashharawy, S. (2018). Associations between Good Dietary Intake Habits and Sleep Quality with Academic Achievement among Inaya Medical College Students. Annals of Public Health and Research, 5(3).
Ferarco, A., Armani, A., Amoah, I., Guseva, E., Camajani, E., Gorini, S., Strollo, R., Padua, E., Caprio, M., & Lombardo, M. (2024). Assessing gender differences in food preferences and physical activity: a population-based survey. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1348456
Field, A.P. (2018) Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. 5th Edition, Sage, Newbury Park.
Firth, J., Gangwisch, J. E., Bansal, S., & Wootton, B. M. (2020). Food and mood: how do diet and nutrition affect mental wellbeing? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 21(5), 295-310. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2382
Frajerman, A., Morvan, Y., Krebs, M., Gorwood, P., & Chaumette, B. (2018). Burnout in medical students before residency: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 55, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.08.006
Gajda, M., Sedlaczek, K., Szemik, S. & Kowalska, M. (2021). Determinants of Alcohol Consumption among Medical Students: Results from POLLEK Cohort Study. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8199068/
Gazzaz, Z. J., Baig, M., Alhendi, B. S. M. A., Suliman, M. M. O. A., Alhendi, A. S. A., Al-Grad, M. S. H., & Qurayshah, M. a. A. (2018). Perceived stress, reasons for and sources of stress among medical students at Rabigh Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. BMC Medical Education, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1133-2
Graves, B. S., Hall, M. E., Dias-Karch, C., Haischer, M. H., & Apter, C. (2021). Gender differences in perceived stress and coping among college students. PLoS ONE, 16(8), e0255634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255634
Griban, G. P., Smiianov, V. A., Lyakhova, N. A., Tkachenko, P. P., Harlinska, A. M., Dovgan, N. Y., Malynskyi, I. Y., & Brytan, Y. A. (2021). The impact of nutritional quality on the students’ health. Acta Balneologica, 63(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.36740/abal202101107
Hasler, B. P., Soehner, A. M., & Clark, D. B. (2019). Circadian dysregulation and adolescent alcohol involvement: A review of the literature and implications for prevention and treatment. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 43(10), 2005–2014. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14158
Higgins-Biddle, J. C., & Babor, T. F. (2018). A review of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and USAUDIT for screening in the United States: Past issues and future directions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 44(6), 578–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2018.1456545
Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J., & Westman, M. (2017). Conservation of Resources in the Organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5(1), 103–128. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640
Hruby, A., & Hu, F. B. (2019). The epidemiology of obesity: A big picture. Pharmacoeconomics, 33(7), 673–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-019-00785-8
Irshad, N. K., Azam, N. F., Ashraf, N. I., Shaheen, N. A., Kazmi, N. N., Ahmed, N. A., Satti, N. D. I., & Baloch, N. A. (2023). Relationship Of Burnout with Screen Time In Under Graduate Medical Students. Proceedings of Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex Lahore, 37(4), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.47489/szmc.v37i4.435
Jones, P. J., Park, S. Y., & Lefevor, G. T. (2018). Contemporary college student anxiety: the role of academic distress, financial stress, and support. Journal of College Counseling, 21(3), 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12107
Kaiser, H., Grice, T., Walker, B., & Kaiser, J. (2023). Barriers to help-seeking in medical students with anxiety at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville. BMC Medical Education, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04460-5
Kelly, Y., Zilanawala, A., Booker, C., & Sacker, A. (2018). Social media use and adolescent mental health: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine, 6, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.005
Khan, T. M., Bibi, S., Shoaib, T., Shoaib, E., Bibi, A., Sajid, H., Khan, S., Sohail, A., Akram, J., Naseer, M., Mumtaz, M., & Kareem, A. (2021). Perceived Stress and Food Consumption Frequency among Medical Students of Rawalpindi Medical University, Pakistan. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.6.612
Kim, H., Park, K. H., & Park, S. (2021). Gender Differences in Lifestyle and Mental Health among Senior High School Students in South Korea. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(20), 10746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010746
Kim, S. H., Lee, H. J., & So, W. (2018). The relationship of exercise frequency to body composition and physical fitness in dormitory-dwelling university students. Journal of Men’s Health, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.22347/1875-6859.14.1.6 73
Klein, H. J., & McCarthy, S. M. (2022b). Student wellness trends and interventions in medical education: a narrative review. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01105-8
Koo, M., & Yang, S.-W. (2025). Likert-Type Scale. Encyclopedia, 5(1), 18–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010018
Kumar, B., Shah, M. a. A., Kumari, R., Kumar, A., Kumar, J., & Tahir, A. (2019). Depression, anxiety, and stress among final-year medical students. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.4257
Kurtze, Rangul, Hustvedt. (2008). Reliability and validity of the international physical activity questionnaire in the Nord-Trøndelag health study (HUNT) population of men. https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2288-8-63
Langford, R., Davies, A., Howe, L., & Cabral, C. (2022). Links between obesity, weight stigma and learning in adolescence: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12538-w
Langness, S., Rajapuram, N., Marshall, M., Rahman, A. S., & Sammann, A. (2022). Risk factors associated with student distress in medical school: Associations with faculty support and availability of wellbeing resources. PLoS ONE, 17(4), e0265869. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265869
Liasi, G. A., Nejad, S. M., Sami, N., Khakpour, S., & Yekta, B. G. (2021). The prevalence of educational burnout, depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students of the Islamic Azad University in Tehran, Iran. BMC Medical Education, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02874-7
Liebig, L., Bergmann, A., Voigt, K., Balogh, E., Birkas, B., Faubl, N., Kraft, T., Schöniger, K., & Riemenschneider, H. (2023a). Screen time and sleep among medical students in Germany. Scientific Reports, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42039-8
Lim, R. B. T., et al. (2020). Overweight and obesity in Asia: Challenges and solutions. Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome, 29(2), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes20016
Lobel, A., Engels, R. C. M. E., Stone, L. L., Burk, W. J., & Granic, I. (2017). Video gaming and children’s psychosocial wellbeing: A longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(4), 884–897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0646-z
Ma, R. C. W., & Chan, J. C. N. (2020). Type 2 diabetes in East Asians: similarities and differences with populations in Europe and the United States. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1461(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14209 74
Mahalik, J. R., Lagan, H. M., & Morrison, J. A. (2020). Health behavior and masculine role norms in young adult men: Implications for interventions. American Journal of Men's Health, 14(3), 1557988320926762. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988320926762
Mahfouz, H. A., Alhazmi, N. F., Almatrafi, M. K., Almehmadi, S. S., Alharbi, J. K., Qadi, L. R., & Tawakul, A. (2024). The influence of lifestyle on academic performance among health profession students at UmM Al-Qura University. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.56759
Mann, J., Truswell, S., & Hodson, L. (2023). Essentials of Human Nutrition 6e. Oxford University Press.
Maurya, C., Muhammad, T., Maurya, P., & Dhillon, P. (2022). The association of smartphone screen time with sleep problems among adolescents and young adults: cross-sectional findings from India. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14076-x
Mental Health Foundation. (2022, February 16). Alcohol and mental health. https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/a-z-topics/alcohol-and-mental-health
Misra, A., & Shrivastava, U. (2019). Obesity and dyslipidemia in South Asians. Nutrients, 11(5), 1082. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051082
Muscaritoli, M. (2021). The Impact of Nutrients On Mental Health and Well-Being: Insights from the Literature. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.656290
National Institutes of Health (2021, January 29). Four types of exercise can improve your health and physical ability.. National Institute on Aging. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/exercise-and-physical-activity/four-types-exercise-can-improve-your-health-and-physical
Naczenski, L. M., de Vries, J. D., van Hooff, M. L. M., & Kompier, M. A. J. (2017). Systematic review of the association between physical activity and burnout. Journal of Occupational Health, 59(6), 477–494. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.17-0050-RA
Neophytou, E., Manwell, L. A., & Eikelboom, R. (2021). Effects of excessive screen time on neurodevelopment, learning, memory, mental health, and neurodegeneration: A scoping review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(3), 724–744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00182-2
Neres, B. S. P., Aquino, M. L. A., & Pedroso, V. S. P. (2021). Prevalence and factors associated to depression and suicidal behavior among medical students. Jornal Brasileiro De Psiquiatria, 70(4), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000351 75
NIDA. (2021, January 1). Are there gender differences in tobacco smoking? National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/tobacco-nicotine-e-cigarettes/are-there-gender-differences-in-tobacco-smoking
Noor, S., Kayani, A. S., Shahid, N., Ihsan, A., Rasheed, S., & Tabassum, M. N. (2021). Comparative Effects of Suture and Non-Suture Surgical Techniques on Platysma after Thyroid SurgeryFast Food Intake Affecting Physical and Mental Well-Being of Medical Students in Lahore. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 15(8), 1942–1944. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211581942
Oh, H., Smith, L., Jacob, L., Du, J., Shin, J. I., Zhou, S., & Koyanagi, A. (2022). Food insecurity and mental health among young adult college students in the United States. Journal of Affective Disorders, 303, 359–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.009
Panchal, Y., Kumar, R., Kapil, P., Bajwa, A., Kumawat, O., Thakur, S., Gomathy, G., & Badiger, G. (2024). Childhood consumption of fast food: a threat to mental and physical wellbeing. Universe International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 5(3).
Panahi, R., Tavousi, M., Ramezankhani, A., Sahraei, M., Osmani, F., Darestani, M. K., & Niknami, S. (2018). Smoking prevalence and its related factors among dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, In Press(In Press). https://doi.org/10.5812/zjrms.63037
Pallant, J. (2020). Ebook: SPSS Surival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis using IBM SPSS. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Pascoe, M. C., Hetrick, S. E., & Parker, A. G. (2019). The impact of stress on students in secondary school and higher education. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1596823
Patel, R., Bachu, R., Adikey, A., Malik, M., & Shah, M. (2018). Factors related to physician burnout and its consequences: a review. Behavioral Sciences, 8(11), 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs8110098
Priya, S., Lakshmi, J., & Kumar, K. (1990). A statistical study on BMI of stress level among college students in Puducherry. International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, 3(2), 264–267. https://www.mathsjournal.com/pdf/2018/vol3issue2/PartD/3-2-6-648.pdf
Quek, N., Tam, N., Tran, N., Zhang, N., Zhang, N., Ho, N., & Ho, N. (2019). The Global Prevalence of Anxiety among Medical Students: A Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15), 2735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152735
Rahimi, A., Wardak, M. F., & Shayan, N. A. (2024). Assessing the relationship between lifestyle factors and mental health outcomes among Afghan university students. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 17, 100827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100827
Rahmatpour, P., Chehrzad, M., Ghanbari, A., & Sadat-Ebrahimi, S. (2019). Academic burnout as an educational complication and promotion barrier among undergraduate students: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 8(1), 201. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_165_19
Rajapuram, N., Langness, S., Marshall, M. R., & Sammann, A. (2020). Medical students in distress: The impact of gender, race, debt, and disability. PLoS ONE, 15(12), e0243250. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243250
Ranasinghe, P. D., Owusu, J. T., Bertram, A., Michtalik, H., Yeh, H., Cofrancesco, J., Levine, D., Miller, E. R., III, & Marinopoulos, S. (2021). Depressive Symptoms and Burnout Among Medical Students: a Prospective Study. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 37(1), 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06765-x
Schimelpfening, N. (2023, June 16). Causes and risk factors of depression. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/common-causes-of-depression-1066772
Senarath, R. M. U. S., Perera, P. P. R., Espinoza, A. R., & Espinoza, R. (2019). Nutritional status and attitudes in female medical students of Philippine and Sri Lanka. Journal of Obesity & Weight Loss Therapy. http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/11546
Sikalidis, A., & Pınarlı, Ç. (2020). Relationships among dietary habits, economic status, and type 2 diabetes risk in Turkish female university students living with their families or in the dormitory. PubMed. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa059_065
Solomou, S., Logue, J., Reilly, S., & Perez-Algorta, G. (2022). A systematic review of the association of diet quality with the mental health of university students: Implications in health education practice. Health Education Research, 38(1), 28–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyac035
Sun, A. (2023). The effect of sleep quality on social anxiety among college students: Mediating effects of regulatory emotional self-efficacy and dormitory interpersonal distress. In Proceedings of the 2023 7th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2023) (pp. 119-125). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-126-5_119 77
Suni, E., & Vyas, N. (2023, March 1). Improve your child’s school performance with a good night’s sleep. Sleep Foundation. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/children-and-sleep/sleep-and-school-performance
Takiguchi, Y., Matsui, M., Kikutani, M., & Ebina, K. (2023). The relationship between leisure activities and mental health: The impact of resilience and COVID-19. Applied psychology. Health and well-being, 15(1), 133–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12394 Talih, F., Daher, M., Daou, D., & Ajaltouni, J. (2018). Examining burnout, depression, and attitudes regarding drug use among Lebanese medical students during the 4 years of medical school. Academic Psychiatry, 42(2), 288–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-017-0879-x
Tee, E. S., Florentino, R. F., Chongviriyaphan, N., Ridwan, H., Appukutty, M., & Mai, T. T. (2023). Review of recommended energy and nutrient intake values in Southeast Asian countries. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 29(2).
Twenge, J. M., & Farley, E. (2020). Not all screen time is created equal: associations with mental health vary by activity and gender. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(2), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01906-9
Tomioka, K., Shima, M. & Saeki, K. (2020). Association between heaviness of cigarette smoking and serious psychological distress is stronger in women than in men: a nationally representative cross-sectional survey in Japan. Harm reduction journal, 18(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00469-5
Trigueros, R., Padilla, A., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Mercader, I., López-Liria, R., & Rocamora, P. (2020). The influence of transformational teacher leadership on academic motivation and resilience, burnout and academic performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207687
Twenge, J. M., Martin, G. N., & Campbell, W. K. (2018). Decreases in psychological well-being among American adolescents after 2012 and links to screen time during the rise of smartphone technology. Emotion, 18(6), 765-780. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000403
Vibhute, N. A., Baad, R., Belgaumi, U., Kadashetti, V., Bommanavar, S., & Kamate, W. (2018). Dietary habits amongst medical students: An institution-based study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 7(6), 1464. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_154_18 78
Wang, Y., Wang, L., Qu, W., Wang, Y., Gao, W., & Wang, H. (2021). Gender difference in associations between BMI and health-related quality of life among adults: A population study in China. BMJ Open, 11(9), e045371. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045371
Wang, N., Dove, M. S., & Tong, E. K. (2024). Serious psychological distress and higher associations with tobacco and cannabis use among college students in the United States. Preventive Medicine, 185, 108041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108041
WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. (2020). The Asia-Pacific perspective: Redefining obesity and its treatment. https://iris.wpro.who.int/handle/10665.1/14581
Vuelvas-Olmos, C. R., Sánchez-Vidaña, D. I., & Cortés-Álvarez, N. Y. (2023). Gender-Based Analysis of the Association Between Mental Health, Sleep Quality, Aggression, and Physical Activity Among University Students During the COVID-19 Outbreak. Psychological reports, 126(5), 2212–2236. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221086209
Zhang, N., Ren, X., Xu, Z. et al. Gender differences in the relationship between medical students’ emotional intelligence and stress coping: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ 24, 810 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05781-9
Zhou, G., Yang, B., Li, H., Feng, Q., & Chen, W. (2023). The influence of physical exercise on college students’ life satisfaction: The chain mediating role of self-control and psychological distress. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1071615
Zou, P., Wang, X., Sun, L., Liu, K., Hou, G., Yang, W., Liu, C., Yang, H., Zhou, N., Zhang, G., Ling, X., Liu, J., Cao, J., Ao, L., & Chen, Q. (2020). Poorer sleep quality correlated with mental health problems in college students: A longitudinal observational study among 686 males. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 136, 110177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110177
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Health & Business Analytics
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright of their articles but grant the International Journal of Health & Business Analytics (IJHBA Press) the right of first publication.
