Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Conditions and Reported Diarrhea Occurrence in Selected Barangays of Sampaloc, Manila
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65166/f0hp0r89Keywords:
water, sanitation, and hygiene, diarrhea occurrence, household hygiene practices, public sanitation facilities, urban community health, ManilaAbstract
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) conditions are central to preventing diarrheal disease, particularly in densely populated urban communities. This study examined household WaSH conditions and their relationship with reported diarrhea occurrence among residents of Barangays 496, 497, and 501 in Sampaloc, Manila. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used, involving 150 adults equally distributed across the three barangays. Data were collected through a locally developed structured questionnaire measuring clean-water availability, accessibility of household and public toilets and handwashing stations, hygiene practices, and household experiences of diarrhea. Frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, Pearson correlations, and group-comparison procedures were applied. Respondents reported favorable clean-water availability (M = 4.00), household toilets (M = 4.06), household handwashing stations (M = 3.97), and hygiene practices (M = 4.16). Public handwashing stations (M = 2.02) and public toilets (M = 1.88) were rated poorly. Reported diarrhea occurrence was low (M = 1.78). Hygiene practices showed a statistically significant but weak negative association with reported diarrhea occurrence (r = -.165, p = .044), whereas clean-water availability, sanitation accessibility, and the overall WaSH rating were not significantly associated with diarrhea. Sanitation accessibility differed by barangay, while hygiene practices differed by monthly household income, educational attainment, and barangay. The findings indicate that favorable household WaSH conditions can coexist with deficiencies in public sanitation. Barangay-specific infrastructure improvements, inclusive facility design, sustained hygiene education, and stronger service monitoring are therefore warranted.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Gerald S. Marcos, Keith Karen A. Ayroso, Mary Lloyd Fiel Baguis, Danielle Ivy Bayoneto, Hannah Leila J. Dela Cuesta, Dr. Leah F. Quinto (Author)
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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